Using the sampling survey data made by Renmin University of China in 2010,the paper conducted a quantitative analysis of women's expectation on children and gender differences in rural China from the perspective of financial support,elderly care and culture,and analyzed the relationship between the expectation gender differences and the strong gender preference.The conclusions are: The expectation of women on children are very low in financial support and living together because of the economic and social development and population floating,but are still high in elderly care,maintenance responsibilities and continue the family line;People's expectations on boys and girls have different emphases,which still reflects the traditional gender cognition;The correlation between the people's expectations and preference towards children with different gender is significantly positive,particularly in the aspects of expectation on elderly care,maintenance responsibilities and continue the family line,financial support is no longer the important reason of gender preference.