Using data from the China Women Social Status Survey, this paper describes the status, trend and associates of time use between males and females in 1990-2010. Analytical results suggest that females' time use is characterized by shorter working hours, study time and leisure time, but much longer housework hours, compared to males'. Since females' housework time is over two-hours longer than males', leading to a heavier burden among females than males. Also, marriage is associated with time use divergently for males and females:increasing males' work hours and reducing their housework hours, while it is the opposite for females, suggesting that married females tend to sacrifice their social work time (and also leisure time and study time) to maintain marriage and the family. While better education and higher income reduce the gender disparity in time use, they are not strongly enough to combat traditional gender role. Since non-paid work takes on females' too much time, they have to rely more on their family members, particularly among those who are married. Hence, it is necessary to promote a more equal and balanced time use mode in promoting gender equality in China.
[1] 王丰, 郭志刚, 茅倬彦. 21 世纪中国人口负增长惯性初探[J]. 人口研究, 2008 (6):7-17.
[2] 茅倬彦. 60 年来中国人口惯性变化及趋势[J]. 人口与经济, 2010 (6):1-6.
[3] 宋健, 范文婷. 惯性增长下的人口再生产:全国及省级变化[J]. 人口研究, 2013 (4):33-42.
[4] BONGAARTS J, FEENEY G. On the quantum and tempo of fertility [J]. Population and Development Review, 1998 (2):271-291.
[5] KIM Y J, SCHOEN R. On the quantum and tempo of fertility:limits to Bongaarts-Feeney adjustment [J]. Population and Development Review, 2000 (3):554-559.
[6] VAN I E, KEILMAN N. On the quantum and tempo of fertility:comment [J]. Population and Development Review, 2000 (3):549-553.
[7] ZENG Yi, KENNETH C L. Adjusting period tempo changes with an extension of ryder's basic translation equation [J]. Demography, 2002 (2):269-285.
[8] 郭震威. 对"去进度效应总和生育率(TFR') 方法"的一点看法[J]. 人口研究, 2000 (1):19-21.
[9] BONGAARTS J, SOBOTKA T. A demographic explanation for the recent rise in European fertility [J]. Population and Development Review, 2012 (1):83-120.
[10] 王亚楠, 钟甫宁. 利用初育年龄测度终身生育率的探索[J]. 人口学刊, 2015 (2):5-14.
[11] RYDER N B. Problems of trend determination during a transition in fertility [J]. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 1956, 34:5-12.
[12] 郝娟, 邱长溶. 对去进度效应总和生育率的检验与讨论[J]. 人口研究, 2012 (3):81-88.
[13] 曾毅. 对邦戈茨-菲尼方法的评述、检验与灵敏度分析[J]. 中国人口科学, 2004 (1):68-80.
[14] 郭志刚. 常规时期生育率失真问题及调整方法的新进展[J]. 人口研究, 2012 (5):3-14.
[15] SAMUEL H P, PATRICK H, MICHEL G. 人口统计学:人口过程的测量与建模[M]. 郑真真, 等译. 北京:社会科学文献出版社, 2011:139-141.
[16] 曾毅, 张震, 顾大男, 郑真真. 人口分析方法与应用[M]. 北京:北京大学出版社, 2011:242-243.
[17] 马瀛通. 从稳定人口与人口再生产认识总和生育率真实涵义[J]. 中国人口科学, 2010 (2):24-34.
[18] LUTZ W, O'NEILL B C, SCHERBOV S. Europe's population at a turning point [J]. Science, 2003, 299:1991-1992.